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1. Introduction 2. Fundamentals of Moldova’s Pension Legislation 3. The Present-Day Demographic Setting 4. Demographic Trends in the Economic Activity of the Population 6. Payers of Pension Contributions 7. Recipients of Pensions/Benefits 8. Present-Day Macroeconomic Environment 9. Software Complex 10. Approbation of the Model Annex 1. Base scenario
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Development of the Analytical Model of the Republic of Moldova’s Pension System
7.2. Old-Age PensionersAccording to the current Moldova’s legislation old-age pensions may be subdivided into the following main types:
Type of the pension assigned depends upon the age and length of service (both general and special) of the pensioner to be, as well as upon his occupation. Table 7.7 exhibits the quantity and profile of old-age pensioners, i.e. their allocation according to the pension types. Table 7.7: Numbers of old-age pensioners, by pension type
Source: National Social Insurance Fund. Analysis of the pensioner profile shows that persons receiving old-age pensions assigned on general terms make up the greater portion of all the pensioners, i.e. 86.4 %. They are followed by persons receiving old-age pensions assigned on preferential terms (ahead of time) with their share of 12.1 %. 1.2 % of all the old-age pensioners receive long-service pensions. Former Parliament and Government members, public employees, and primars constitute 0.34 % of the old-age pensioner total number. Figures 7.1 and 7.2 display the age and sex structure of old-age pensioners in their subdivision into non-agricultural (Fig. 7.1) and agricultural pensioners (Fig. 7.2). Structure of pensioners is given as percentage of a certain group of them in the total number of the population falling into the corresponding sex and age group. These diagrams make it clear that age profiles of both agricultural and non-agricultural male pensioners have much in common with corresponding profiles of female pensioners. At the same time age structures of pensioners belonging to different types have rather essential distinctions. One should bear in mind that in many respects this structure was formed under impact of the former pension law with its own statutory age of retirement, a longer list of persons entitled to a preferential (ahead of time) pension and pension for long service which also granted the right to early retirement. When analysing middle-age segments of the diagrams (men under 62 years of age and women under 57), one can see that women are almost two times more numerous than men among preferential pensioners. These women are mainly mothers who born and brought up to the age of 8 at least five children. They are almost evenly distributed between agricultural and non-agricultural pensioners. Fig. 7.1: Old-age pensioners, non-agricultural: а) men; b) women Fig. 7.2: Old-age pensioners, agricultural: а) men; b) women Within segments representing older groups (men above 62 years old, women above 57) the age and sex structure diagrams of old-age pensioners are instable and behave differently in cases with agricultural and non-agricultural pensioners. Agricultural pensioners prevail among old-age pensioners who retired prior to the last decade of the previous century and are now 70 and more years old. They are almost two times more numerous both among men and among women. Their share in the total population of the same age constitutes as much as 55 % among men and rises up to 80 % among women. Inverse tendency is characteristic of the pensioners retired after 1990. A sharp decline is observed in numbers of old-age pension recipients formerly engaged in agriculture. Here the number of men has decreased almost by a third, number of women – by a quarter. However, among men the number of non-agricultural pensioners has stayed practically unchanged, while among women it has essentially grown, almost by 60 %, the fact leading to a more considerable decrease of the share of agricultural female pensioners in the total female population of the same age as compared with how it is in the men’s case. Agricultural female pensioners at the moment of retirement (at the age of 57) constitute only around 15 % of the total female population of the same age but those of 60 years old make up as much as 30 % of the relevant total. As regards to non-agricultural female pensioners, their share is around 30 % at the moment of retirement and reaches 50 % by the age of 60. The same tendencies may be traced among agricultural and non-agricultural male pensioners. However they are less pronounced, since, unlike as it is among women, the number of non-agricultural male pensioners did not essentially change in the 1990s and therefore shares of both agricultural and non-agricultural male pensioners, who are 62 years old (the moment of retirement), constitute around 20 % in their corresponding population groups. By the age of 65 the share of either of the two groups in the total is approaching 40 %. In cases of older age the share of non-agricultural male pensioners is, at first, relatively stable at the level of around 35 % and then starts to decline in population groups of the age above 75. Share of agricultural pensioners is growing to slightly exceed 50 % by the age of around 70. By the age of 82 it reaches 60 % and then begins to decline. There are a lot of factors which could be mentioned in order to explain the phenomenon of the declining share of agricultural pensioners in the total population since the 1990s. They might include peculiarities of history, economic troubles, growth of unemployment, shrinkage of population engaged in agriculture, ageing of population, as well as changes in law, increase of the statutory age of retirement and minimal required length of service etc. It would require a special study to explore the real factors which have caused changes in the age and sex structure of old-age pensioners. |
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