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Legislation Publications Pension models About project Statistics

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I. Overview of gender issues in pension systems from different countries
1.1. Pension system reform and gender equality issues
1.2. European Union countries with a developed „social state”
1.3. Post-socialistic countries

CHAPTER 2. Gender analysis of pension and labor legislation of the Republic of Moldova
2.1. International labor standards and national legislation of the Republic of Moldova
2.2. Legal insurance of equal access to labor and professional occupations: employment guarantees
2.3. Right to free choice of profession, professional training and retraining, professional promotion. Restrictions related to women’s work
2.4. Equal remuneration for the work of equal value
2.5. Right to healthy and safe working conditions. Guarantees and privileges for pregnancy and maternity
2.6. Right to social insurance including right to pension

CHAPTER 3. Analysis of demographic context of gender issues in the Republic of Moldova
3.1. Gender asymmetry of sex/age structure of the population of the Republic of Moldova
3.2. Differences in conditions and causes of mortality of men and women, men’s over mortality rate
3.3. Gender discrepancy of the indexes of life expectancy in Moldova and their dynamics
3.4. Life expectancy on pension
3.5. Gender differences in the correlation between the duration of the working life and life on pension
3.6. Impact of birthrate on the workers length of insured service

CHAPTER 4. Labor market of the Republic of Moldova and its impact on the trends of pension system reform: gender aspects
4.1. Economic activity, employment and unemployment
4.2. Employment by economic sectors

CHAPTER 5. Salaries and incomes

CHAPTER 6. Informal employment

CHAPTER 7. Issues of social breaks in employment

CHAPTER 8. Gender issues of current pensioners
8.1. Gender structure of pensioners

CHAPTER 9. Forecast of the specifics of pension insurance of men and women, pension transfers between sexes in the established pension system

CHAPTER 10. Gender analysis of the formulas for old-age pension calculation
10.1. Analysis of old pension formula for calculation of old-age pension
10.2. Analysis of the new pension formula for calculation of old-age pension
10.3. Change of gender discrepancy in pensions in the transition to the new pension formula

CHAPTER 11. Increase of the retirement age. Equalizing the retirement age?
11.1. Advantages and disadvantages of the retirement age increase and its “equalization” for men and women
11.2. Individual pension burden or correlation between the duration of the able-bodied age and duration of life on pension
11.3. Change of the probability of living until the retirement for men and women under different scenarios of the retirement age increase

CONCLUSIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY




Gender aspects of the Republic of Moldova’s pension system

3.3. Gender discrepancy of the indexes of life expectancy in Moldova and their dynamics.

The differences in the mortality rates for men and women lead to significant gender discrepancies in the life expectancy of Moldovan people. So in 2004 the average statistic Moldovan leaved only up to 64,6 years, while the average statistic life expectancy of women was significantly higher – 72,5 years. As result the gender difference in the “life expectancy at birth” constituted 7,9 years. According to international standards, this value of the analyzed index could be evaluated as “medium” (Picture 6). At least this evaluation is applicable for the European and CIS countries. Great values of the index are characteristic mainly for the countries of the Central, Eastern Europe and CIS countries. In the countries of the Western Europe, the discrepancy between the life expectancy of men and women is significantly lower than in Moldova.   

In general in the recent years the life expectancy at birth for men and women increased gradually, very slow, but steady. From 1981 to 2004 the men’s life expectancy increased by two years and women’s – by about three years.

Therefore if evaluate the dynamics of gender differences in the life expectancy of Moldovan people for this period, it is to be mentioned that it is negative: the differences in the life expectancy for men and women increased for all ages; but differently. So the difference in the life expectancy at birth increased by one year. This index, calculated for those who lived till 15 years, increased by 1,3-1,4 years; who lived till 45 years – by 1,6 years and for those who lived till 65 years – by 0,7 years. Such dynamics demonstrates the growth of the impact of population life expectancy on gender asymmetry of Moldovan pension system.


Source: data of the National Statistics Bureau.


Picture 6. Gender differences in the life expectancy in CIS and European countries.
Source: data of the National Statistics Bureau of the Republic of Moldova, Federal Service of State Statistics of the Russian Federation.


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